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The new agreement has effectively shifted the backstop into the Irish Sea, pleasing those who feared border checks on the island of Ireland, and appears to draw on the plans readied under Theresa May, including the proposal for tariff rebates for firms moving goods into Northern Ireland that do not progress into the RepublicCentre for European Reform trade expert Sam Lowe described it as “Chequers for Northern Ireland”. 

“It has been written in a specific way to appeal to British viewers, but the default position is Northern Ireland is treated as if it is in the EU customs union,” said Sam Lowe of the Centre for European Reform.

Luigi Scazzieri, a research fellow at the Centre for European Reform, concurred: "Turkey could trigger Article 5 but it would hardly be credible unless Turkish territory was attacked by Russia or Syria," he told Euronews by e-mail."Other member states would probably be unwilling to provide assistance, unless Turkey came under sustained attack, given that Ankara started this bout of fighting," he added.

May głosowała w referendum za pozostaniem w Unii i w oczach eurosceptycznych torysów była niewiarygodna. Z Borisem Johnsonem jest zupełnie inaczej. Był liderem kampanii na rzecz brexitu, wielu uważa, że jeśli nie on, to nikt nie wyprowadzi kraju z Unii – mówi „Rzeczpospolitej" Ian Bond, dyrektor londyńskiego Centre for European Reform.

Trade deals could be used to encourage exporting countries to cut emissions, says Sam Lowe of the Centre for European Reform, a think-tank in London. The EU is considering a “carbon border adjustment”— higher tariffs on goods from countries that do not meet the EU’s environmental standards. 

Britain's economy is a startling £69 billion smaller than it would have been if the country had not voted for Brexit, according to a leading think tank.The Centre for European Reform said the turmoil and uncertainty triggered by the 2016 vote to quit the EU means the economy is 2.9 per cent smaller than it would have been otherwise. “We have seen a substantial loss of output as a result of slower growth, and the hit to investment is storing up trouble for the future,” said John Springford, deputy director of the CER and author of the analysis.

Brexit has already cost the UK economy almost £70bn – the equivalent of £440m a week or £840 for every household in the country each year – according to a new report from the Centre for European Reform.

Agata Gostynska-Jakubowska, from the Centre for European Reform, said that such policies could lead to further clashes between Warsaw and Brussels. However, she said she did not expect a big confrontation before Poland holds presidential elections next spring. “I think there could be clashes here and there . . . but I don’t think that Law and Justice will want to have a fundamental row with the EU, at least in the first year in power, as immediately after the parliamentary elections, they will start gearing up for presidential elections, where they will want to appeal to moderate voters,” she said.