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Estimates published last month by the Centre for European Reform suggest the UK economy was around £31 billion (5%) smaller by the end of last year than it would have been if it had stayed in the EU’s customs union and single market.

The Centre for European Reform (CER) released a study in June which claimed the results of Brexit on the UK economy are "troubling".
CER's Deputy Director John Springford said in his "sobering" conclusion that in the final quarter of 2021, the UK's GDP was five percent smaller.
He added: "It should trouble Labour and the Conservatives that the economy is lagging so far behind its peers."

Should a Brothers of Italy-led coalition win, it “would offer a much more disruptive scenario for Italy and the EU”, wrote Luigi Scazzieri, a senior research fellow at the Centre for European Reform.

On the other hand, the UK's divorce from the EU has not been followed by the economic prosperity touted by many Brexiteers. According to the Centre for European Reform, a London-based think-tank, the UK economy is worse off than it would have been had it remained a member of the EU.

A data adequacy agreement was signed between the UK and EU last year, despite some opposition from MEPs, allowing free flows of data to continue across the channel. But this will be reviewed by European lawmakers on a regular basis as the UK changes its domestic data legislation.

Even if early elections prove imminent, Luigi Scazzieri, a senior fellow at the Centre for European Reform, said Draghi has left Italy a substantial legacy in the EU Covid recovery programme architecture, which ties the delivery of the next tranches of funds to progress on reforms. 
"Future governments would have a strong incentive to keep going with reforms," he said.
With the spread between Italian and German bonds hitting their highest level for a month on Friday, Scazzieri said Italy — and its economy — would benefit from Draghi’s continued presence a little longer.

Zach Meyers, a senior research fellow at The Centre for European Reform, believes to stop anti-competitive practices, we must first stop the “conglomerate effect”. He said, “firms like Google offer a range of different services which all work together seamlessly, making it the firm’s dominance in different services mutually reinforcing.”

“The General Court’s approval of article 22 is likely to be controversial. It opens up the risk of having to go through a merger review process, for even very small and inconsequential acquisitions,” said Zach Meyers, a research fellow at the Centre for European Reform.
At the same time, Meyers noted that the court tried to address these concerns by stressing that the cumulative conditions required for the member states to send their request “significantly restrict the Commission’s freedom of action”. In other words, Article 22 is not to be considered a blank check.

Brexit is a topic of intergenerational disagreement just like the housing crisis. It is also a drag on the UK economy. By creating trade friction with the EU, Britain’s largest trading partner, Brexit means GDP is 5.2 percent lower than it would be otherwise, according to calculations by the Centre for European Reform.